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The Blog @ TomRichey.net

The Intolerable Acts (APUSH Review Notes: Topic 3.3)

9/28/2025

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I've created a one-page review guide to help APUSH students study the Intolerable Acts: a series of unpopular laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party. Click here to download this one-page review guide.
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APUSH Unit 7 Review Guide (1890 to 1945)

8/2/2025

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I have created a review guide for APUSH Unit 7, which focuses on the period between 1890 and 1945, beginning with imperialism and ending with the Allied victory in World War II.

Key topics in APUSH Unit 7 include the Spanish-American War, debates about imperialism, the Progressive era, World War I, the 1920s, the Great Depression, interwar foreign policy, and World War II. Major themes of this unit include the expansion of government intervention in the economy and the tension between the neutral (isolationist) and interventionist approaches to American foreign policy. A timeline of key events from Unit 7 is included as a study aid for students who are preparing for the APUSH exam.
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APUSH Unit 2 Review Guide (1607 to 1754)

7/25/2025

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I have now completed a review guide for APUSH Unit 2, which focuses on the period between 1607 and 1754, beginning with the first permanent English settlement at Jamestown and ending on the eve of the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War).

Key themes of APUSH Unit 2 include key traits of the primary European colonizers of North America (English/British, French, Dutch, Spanish), the regions of the Thirteen Colonies, mercantilism and the Atlantic trade, economic and social systems of the Spanish colonies, interactions between American Indians and Europeans, slavery in the British colonies, institutions of representative government in the colonies, and cultural developments (such as the First Great Awakening and the Enlightenment). A timeline of key events from Unit 2 is included as a study aid for students who are preparing for the APUSH exam.
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APUSH Unit 1 Review Guide (1491 to 1607)

5/18/2025

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After creating unit guides for Units 3, 4, 5, and 6 during the 2025 APUSH exam season, I've doubled back now to the earlier units with the goal of having a complete set of APUSH unit guides for the 2026 exam season. I have now completed a review guide for APUSH Unit 1, which focuses on the period between 1491 and 1607.

Key themes of APUSH Unit 1 include pre-contact Native American societies, European exploration of the Americas, the Columbian Exchange, early Spanish conquests, economic and social systems of the Spanish colonies, interactions between Europeans and Native Americans, and early English attempts to plant a colony before the establishment of the first permanent English settlement at Jamestown. A timeline of key events from Unit 1 will be helpful for students who are preparing for the APUSH exam.
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AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product.
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Religious Toleration in the Reformation Era (AP Euro Review Handout)

4/21/2025

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I've created a review handout for AP European History students that explores how European political leaders addressed religious conflict and pluralism during the Protestant Reformation.
Click to Download the Handout
This review handout addresses content from the AP European History Course and Exam Description, including Topics 2.3 (Protestant Reform Continues) and 2.4 (Wars of Religion) from Unit 2.
AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product.
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Free APUSH Practice Exam on Albert.io!

4/16/2025

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The 2025 exam season is the first time that all students taking the AP US History exam will be taking the exam digitally. For many students, this will be a new experience, so I thought it would be a great idea to put a high-quality digital exam out there that any APUSH student can take for free. I am grateful to my friends at Albert.io, who have graciously agreed to host this exam on their digital platform that is a part of the AP experience for many AP students every year. The exam has 55 multiple-choice questions (just like a real APUSH exam!). I believe that this will be a valuable experience for AP US History students who are seeking to prepare themselves for the digital exam.
Click Here to take the exam!
Each question has detailed answer explanations, which will require a free Albert.io account to access. Although Albert has paid subscriptions for most of their content, everything to do with this practice exam is absolutely free. I wish all students the best of luck on the upcoming APUSH exam!
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APUSH Unit 6 Review Guide

2/23/2025

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Students who are studying for the APUSH exam will find my Unit 6 Review Guide help. Unit 6 of the AP® United States History course focuses on industrialization during the Gilded Age (1865-1898).

This unit guide includes a brief overview of the construction of the transcontinental railroads, new technologies and inventions, the rise of industrial capitalism, the "New South," early labor movements, Chinese exclusions and the "new immigrants," the middle class, and Gilded Age politics.  A timeline of key events from Unit 5 will help students in their preparation for the APUSH exam.
APUSH Unit 6 Review Guide Thumbnail
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APUSH Unit 5 Review Guide

2/7/2025

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Students who are studying for the APUSH exam will find my Unit 5 Review Guide help. Unit 5 of the AP® United States History course spans from the election of James K. Polk in the Manifest Destiny era through the Civil War and Reconstruction.

This unit guide includes a brief overview of Manifest Destiny, the Mexican–American War, the Compromise of 1850, the Road to Civil War, Lincoln and the Civil War, Presidential Reconstruction, Radical Reconstruction, and the failure of Reconstruction.  A timeline of key events from Unit 5 will help students in their preparation for the APUSH exam.
A thumbnail of Tom Richey's APUSH Unit 5 Study Guide.
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The Gulf of America (and Why the Name Might Stick)

1/26/2025

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On the first day of his second term in office, President Trump signed twenty executive orders (more than any other US president on his first day in office). Of these orders, the one that has arguably gotten the most media attention is the executive order to change the name of the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of America. This particular order has become a running joke on the internet over the past week, but there are several reasons that this might stick.

Lack of International Regulation

First of all, there is no international body that has the authority to name international waters. Since no nation has jurisdiction over anything beyond its own territorial waters (and the fine print of Trump's executive order renames only the portion of the Gulf that borders US territory), there is no international body or agency that is going to be able to counteract this move. There is no expectation for Mexico (or any other country) to use the terminology. This is not the first time that two countries have referred to a shared body of water by different names. The body of water that most of the world refers to as the Persian Gulf is called the Arabian Gulf in Saudi Arabia and other Arab states who claim the majority of its coastline.

The President's Authority

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Alexander Hamilton
Although the president of the United States has no authority to make laws, he has very broad powers as the head of the executive branch of government. In Federalist No. 70, Alexander Hamilton explains the idea of a unitary executive, in which the president has full and complete control over the functions of the executive branch of government. When it comes to naming bodies of water, mountains, or federal parks, the president can direct the executive branch to rename anything (as long as congressional legislation does not say otherwise). Since the Gulf of Mexico has gone by the same name ever since the time of the conquistadors, Congress has never had a reason to name it. So in this case, when President Trump says that it's going to be called the Gulf of America, every federal agency has to go along with that directive.

Cooperation of Republican Governors

The US Constitution created a federal system of government, in which state governments hold some of their powers independently from the federal government. As such, state authorities are not bound by any federal directive. For example, if President Trump were to rename the Pacific Ocean, he would likely encounter some pushback from the Democratic governors of California, Oregon, and Washington. However, this will not be the case with the Gulf formerly known as Mexico since all five Gulf states have Republican governors who will be more than willing to play along with the directive.
Governor Ron DeSantis of Florida wasted no time making use of the new nomenclature. It is rare that a Florida governor has to issue a winter storm warning. Governor DeSantis chose this rare occasion to make a reference to an "area of low pressure moving across the Gulf of America." Even if this is all a big joke, Republican governors are already gleefully playing along.
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US States by the Governor's Party in 2025 (Map Credit: Thesavagenorwegian)

Pan-American Implications

Although US citizens are fond of referring to themselves as "Americans" and their home country as "America," that is not to say that other inhabitants of the American continents are not Americans, as well. Neither a Canadian nor Colombian is any less of an American than someone who is from the United States. While it is unlikely that President Trump meant to rename the Gulf as a gesture of Pan-American unity, a name like the Gulf of America can suggest that the Gulf is a geographical feature that unifies the people of the American continents. As I noted in a brief essay I wrote about the retreat from imperialism and the Good Neighbor policy, American presidents in the 1920s and 1930s made efforts to build Pan-American unity. During the Cold War, the cooperation between the United States and neighboring governments in Latin America was crucial for limiting the influence of communism in the Americas.

It's Not That Deep

Perhaps the best thing that the Gulf of America has going for it (in terms of the name having staying power) is that it's frankly not that deep. While many have responded to the executive order with memes and jokes, few (if any) have responded with anger or indignation. This is not an issue that conjures up a great deal of serious opposition. When the president of Mexico was asked for her opinion on the matter, she responded with her own joke about how beautiful it might be if she ordered the entire North American continent to be renamed Mexican America. She added that she expects to have a good working relationship with President Trump (just as her predecessor had gotten along with him during his first term in spite of hardline rhetoric about the border). If anyone were to be indignant about this, it would be Mexico's head of state; but at the end of the day, no one cares. And that just might be the best thing that the Gulf of America has going for it.
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APUSH Unit 4 Review Guide

1/26/2025

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Students who are studying for the APUSH exam will find my Unit 4 Review Guide helpful. Unit 4 of the AP® United States History course spans from the election of Thomas Jefferson as president in 1800 through the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848.

This review guide includes a brief overview of politics during the presidencies of Jefferson and Madison, the Marshall Court and judicial review, American foreign policy developments (e.g., the Embargo Act, the War of 1812, and the Monroe Doctrine), the Market Revolution, sectional politics, Jacksonian democracy, Southern society and slavery, and Antebellum reform movements. A timeline of key events from Unit 4 will help students in their preparation for the APUSH exam.

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AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product.
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    Tom Richey

    I teach high school history and government in South Carolina.
    My YouTube channel is full of informative lectures.
    My book, US Constitution 101, is available at Amazon or wherever you buy books.

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  • Home
    • About
    • Calendar
    • Contact
    • Podcast
    • Live Hangouts with Tom Richey
    • Privacy Policy
    • Endorsements >
      • Romulus
      • Albert
  • Courses
    • AP US History >
      • APUSH Summer Assignments
      • to 1877 >
        • Colonial America
        • The American Revolution
        • The U.S. Constitution
        • Jefferson vs. Hamilton
        • The Jeffersonian Republic
        • The Age of Jackson
        • The Road to Civil War
        • Civil War & Reconstruction
      • Post 1877 >
        • The Gilded Age
        • Progressivism & Intervention >
          • World War I - AP US History
        • Twenties and Depression
        • WWII and the Cold War
        • Civil Rights & Vietnam
        • The Conservative Resurgence
      • The APUSH DBQ
      • The APUSH LEQ
      • APUSH SAQs
      • APUSH Multiple Choice
      • APUSH Review
      • Primary Source Collection
      • Calendar (US History)
      • Test Corrections
      • APUSH 8 Week Study Plan
    • AP European History >
      • AP Euro Ten Week Study Plan
      • Units of Instruction >
        • Renaissance & Exploration
        • Protestant Reformation & Religious Wars
        • Absolutism & Constitutionalism
        • Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
        • The French Revolution
        • Industry and Isms (1815-1850)
        • Late 19th Century
        • WWI and Modernism
        • Dictatorships and WWII
        • Cold War & Contemporary Europe
      • The AP Euro DBQ
      • The AP Euro LEQ
      • AP Euro SAQs
      • Summer Assignments
      • Primary Source Collection
      • Calendar (AP Euro)
      • Test Corrections
      • AP Euro MIdterm Review
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